BenMakesGames.PlayPlayMini 4.5.0

What Is It?

PlayPlayMini is an opinionated framework for making smallish 2D games with MonoGame.

It provides a state engine with lifecycle events, a GraphicsManager that provides methods for easily drawing sprites & fonts with a variety of effects, and dependency injection using Autofac.

If you don't know what all of those things are, don't worry: they're awesome, and this readme will show you how to use them (with code examples!), and explain their benefits.

If you prefer learning purely by example, check out Block-break, a demo game made with PlayPlayMini, EntityFramework, and Serliog that uses fonts, sprite sheets, pictures, and sounds.

Upgrading from 3.x to 4.0.0

Breaking Changes

1. Upgraded to .NET 8.0.
2. FontMeta has three new properties: FirstCharacter, HorizontalSpacing, and VerticalSpacing. These default to ' ', 1, and 1, respectively. Previous behavior was equivalent to a horizontal and vertical spacing of 0.
   • Quick fix: update your fonts' FontMeta to set the HorizontalSpacing and VerticalSpacing properties to 0; OR:
   • Better fix: update your fonts' images to remove spacing between characters; update the Width and Height properties accordingly.
3. The [Obsolete] Generators methods and class for drawing primitive shapes (lines, circles) have been removed.
   • Use the BenMakesGames.PlayPlayMini.GraphicsExtensions package for drawing primitives. It's capable of drawing more shapes, and has much better performance!

Upgrading from 2.x to 3.0.0

Breaking Changes

1. The lifecycle methods ActiveInput, ActiveUpdate, AlwaysUpdate, ActiveDraw, and AlwaysDraw have been removed from GameState, replaced with Input, Update, and Draw.
   • Use GameStateManager.CurrentState to check the current state, as needed.
2. The GraphicsManager's many [Obsolete] methods have been removed.
3. Random is no longer registered as a singleton service automatically.
   • Use the C#-built-in Random.Shared, instead, OR:
   • Register Random manually in AddServices (if you actually use different implementations of an RNG, for example in unit tests).
4. Updated Autofac from 6.5.0 to 7.1.0
   • PlayPlayMini users will probably not experience any of the very few breaking changes introduced by this upgrade. See https://docs.autofac.org/en/latest/whats-new/upgradingfrom6to7.html for more information.

Additions & Other Changes

1. GameState now has a FixedUpdate method, which is called ~60 times per second regardless of the game's frame rate.
   • If you're using GameStateManagerBuilder's UseFixedTimeStep(true), there is little practical difference between FixedUpdate and Update.
2. Specifying a lifetime value for the [AutoRegister] is now optional; the default is Lifetime.Singleton.
3. Added in 2.7.0, but: GameStateManagerBuilder now has a .SetLostFocusGameState<T>() method, which allows you to set a game state to be used when the game loses focus (for example, when the player alt-tabs out of the game).
   • This game state will receive a LostFocusConfig object in its constructor, containing a reference to the previous game state.
   • See the PlayPlayMini skeleton projects for examples.

How to Use

Create a New Project

1. Install the PlayPlayMini project templates:
   • dotnet new install BenMakesGames.PlayPlayMini.Templates
2. Optional: create an empty solution.
3. Create a new project:
   • dotnet new playplaymini.skeleton -n MyGame
   • Make sure to run this within the solution directory, if you created a solution in step 2.
4. If you created a solution, add the newly-created project to it!

Understanding Game States

A "game state" is something like "the title menu", "exploring a town", "lock-picking mini-game", etc.

In PlayPlayMini, your game is always in at least one game state.

If you used one of the PlayPlayMini template projects, check out the Startup class in the GameStates folder. It should look like this:

namespace MyGame.GameStates;

// inheriting game states is a path that leads to madness, so always seal your game states!
public sealed class Startup: GameState
{
    private GraphicsManager Graphics { get; }
    private GameStateManager GSM { get; }
    private MouseManager Mouse { get; }

    public Startup(GraphicsManager graphics, GameStateManager gsm, MouseManager mouse)
    {
        Graphics = graphics;
        GSM = gsm;
        Mouse = mouse;

        Mouse.UseCustomCursor("Cursor", (3, 1));
    }

    // note: you do NOT need to call the `base.` for lifecycle methods. so save some CPU cycles,
    // and don't call them :P

    public override void Update(GameTime gameTime)
    {
        if (Graphics.FullyLoaded)
        {
            // TODO: go to title menu, once that exists; for now, just jump straight into the game:
            GSM.ChangeState<Playing>();
        }
    }

    public override void Draw(GameTime gameTime)
    {
        // TODO: draw loading screen

        // only draw the mouse once
        if(GSM.CurrentState == this)
            Mouse.ActiveDraw(gameTime);
    }
}

There's a few things to unpack in that example:

First: all PlayPlayMini game states must inherit the GameState class.

There are several lifecycle methods which a game state may optionally override:

• Enter(), called once, when the game state is entered into.
• Input(...), called every frame. This is a good place to capture user input for later processing.
• FixedUpdate(...), called 60 times per second, regardless of the game's framerate; useful for doing physics-based updates.
• Update(...) called every frame. Most game logic will probably go here.
• Draw(...), called every frame. Place drawing logic here.
• Leave(), called once, when the game state is left.

The current game state can be changed using one of the GameStateManager's ChangeState methods. The Startup game state uses this to start the game once all of the graphic assets have been loaded:

GSM.ChangeState<Playing>();

Finally, you may have noticed that the Startup game state has a constructor. You'll never call new Startup(...) anywhere, however! This is because PlayPlayMini uses a dependency injection framework called Autofac under the hood.

If you're not familiar with dependency injection, you may find yourself wanting to new up game states and MouseManagers and things. Stop right there! Don't do it! That path leads to madness. Read on to learn an easier way to manage a class's dependencies:

A Brief Intro to Dependency Injection

Feel free to skip/skim this section if you're like "yes, I know all about IoC/DI. I even know all the acronyms."

Consider this line, from the above code:

public Startup(GraphicsManager graphics, GameStateManager gsm, MouseManager mouse)

Here, rather than the Startup class newing up its own graphics manager, game state manager, or mouse, it asks those things to be given via its constructor. That's the main principle of dependency injection frameworks: "inversion of control". Rather than a class creating the things it needs, it gives up control of that task to something else.

You may wonder: "Why bother? I'll just have to provide them all when I call new Startup(...) anyway!"

However, with a dependency injection framework, you will never write new Startup(...)!

So how do the game states get made?

Hold that thought. Let's take a moment to look at some of the advantages of never writing new.

Advantages of Dependency Injection Frameworks

First: as your game states grow in number and complexity, you'll want to give them more "services" like the GraphicsManager, FrameCounter, and others you make yourself (perhaps a SQLite database connection to save and load te game). If you were newing up the game states "manually", then every time you added a new service to a constructor, you'd have to find all the places you made a new one, and give them the new things they need.

new Startup(new MouseManager(...???), new GameStateManager(?!!?!?));

Second: if you new up a game state manually, and it needs a MouseManager, you'd also have to create a new MouseManager() for it... but what if the MouseManager's constructor also has arguments? Now you'll have to new up those, too!

But again: with a DI framework, you don't have to new any of this stuff up. You're free to add more dependencies, as constructor arguments, without making any other changes across your codebase. Nice!

Third: Many services, like the MouseManager, you really only need one of, so you can use the same instance over and over. You could write global statics, but if you've done that in a big project before, you know the trouble and performance problems that can lead to. Dependency injection frameworks, like Autofac, can be configured to find existing instances of certain service classes, and use those instead of making a new ones, with very little effort. (No need to write lazy-initalization logic, etc.)

So how do you create a new service without writing new? Search the interwebs if you want more details, but to put it simply: the dependency injection framework just does it for you. When you ask PlayPlayMini to change into the Playing class, Autofac creates it for you. And if Playing asks for a MouseManager, autofac creates that, too (or finds one that already exists).

In order for a dependency injection framework to do this, any classes you want it to create need to be registered with it. In PlayPlayMini, your game states, and many of the services you'll use, are registered automatically. You can also register your own services, if you want - more on this, later!

Final Tips

1. Only objects containing "business logic" get registered with DI. Data-only objects like PictureMeta should still be newed up manually, and should never ask for a service in their constructor.
2. If a method, or collection of methods, has no dependencies, and no internal state, don't make a service - a collection of static methods will be more-performant, easier to re-use (copy-paste into other projects), and easier to test.

Learn More

• https://www.google.com/search?q=advantages+of+dependency+injection
• https://autofac.org, the library PlayPlayMini uses under the hood.
  • It's not currently possible to choose your own IoC library. PlayPlayMini uses some features which are not available in all IoC libraries.

Configuring Your Game's Configuration: Program.cs

If you used one of the PlayPlayMini template projects, check out the Program class in the project root. Skipping the using statements, it should look like this:

var gsmBuilder = new GameStateManagerBuilder();

gsmBuilder
    .SetWindowSize(1920 / 4, 1080 / 4, 2)
    .SetInitialGameState<Startup>()
    .SetLostFocusGameState<LostFocus>()

    // TODO: set a better window title
    .SetWindowTitle("MyGame")

    // TODO: add any resources needed (refer to PlayPlayMini documentation for more info)
    .AddAssets(new IAsset[]
    {
        new FontMeta("Font", "Graphics/Font", 6, 8),
        new PictureMeta("Cursor", "Graphics/Cursor", true),

        // new FontMeta(...)
        // new PictureMeta(...)
        // new SpriteSheetMeta(...)
        // new SongMeta(...)
        // new SoundEffectMeta(...)
    })

    // TODO: any additional service registration (refer to PlayPlayMini and/or Autofac documentation for more info)
    .AddServices((s, c) => {

    })
;

gsmBuilder.Run();

Taking it one step at a time:

var gsmBuilder = new GameStateManagerBuilder();

If you've used ASP.NET Core before, this kind of startup logic should look pretty familiar.

The GameStateManagerBuilder is responsible for getting your game configured and started, including creating the dependency injection service container.

    .SetWindowSize(1920 / 4, 1080 / 4, 2)
    .SetInitialGameState<Startup>()

Hopefully those are pretty self-explanatory. The final 2 in SetWindowSize indicates that all pixels should actually be drawn as 2x2 pixels. Under the hood, PlayPlayMini upscales your graphics, yielding a chunky pixel look! Set the zoom level to 1 if don't want chunky pixels!

Next:

    .SetLostFocusGameState<LostFocus>()

This is optional; it configured a game state to be used when your game loses focus. If you don't want this feature, you can delete this line, and the LostFocus class that comes with the template.

Next up:

    .AddAssets(new IAsset[] {
        ...
    })

This method tells the GraphicsManager (and SoundManager) which assets to load, from your Content/Content.mcgb file. Content/Content.mcgb is part of MonoGame's asset "pipeline". PlayPlayMini hides a lot of MonoGame's internals, but the asset pipeline isn't something that can be - or should be - hidden! It's how you tell MonoGame what graphics, sounds, and songs, your game will use.

If you've never used the Content/Content.mgcb file before, check out MonoGame's documentation on the subject:

• https://docs.monogame.net/articles/content/using_mgcb_editor.html

It's a super-useful tool!

Moving on:

        new FontMeta("Font", "Graphics/Font", 6, 8),
        new PictureMeta("Cursor", "Graphics/Cursor", true),

FontMeta (along with PictureMeta and SpriteSheetMeta) is a struct that contains everything the GraphicsManager needs to load and store graphics.

The first argument is the name/key/ID/whatever-you-wanna-call-it which you're assigning to the image. It can be anything, and spaces and other punctuation are allowed, if you want/need them (it's just a string, after all!) You'll refer to this later, when drawing images.

The second argument is a path to the image, matching your Content/Content.mgcb file's definition of the image.

For fonts and sprite sheets, the dimensions of each individual sprite are specified in the third and fourth parameters.

Finally, an optional boolean specifies whether or not the asset needs to be loaded before the game's startup state is entered. In the example above, this is set for the "Cursor" graphic, so that the mouse cursor can be shown while the rest of the assets are loading.

Unless every single one of your assets are set to load before the game's startup state (which is not recommended!), you'll need to wait for them to load before starting the rest of the game.

The template-provided Startup game state does this by checking the GraphicsManager's FullyLoaded attribute, seen in an early code example.

If you also have deferred sound effect or music assets, inject the SoundManager, and check on its FullyLoaded property, as well.

Remember: if you try to use an asset before it's loaded, your application will crash!

Services

If you're familiar with DI, you already know this, but you can create your own services. A service is just any class that's been registered with the DI framework (Autofac, in our case). Suppose you make a ParticleEffectService class... once your register it as a service, you can ask for a ParticleEffectService in the constructor of any other class, and you can ask for other services in the constructor of your ParticleEffectService.

See "Creating Your Own Services" below for more info, as well as tips on how to avoid "circular dependencies" (instances where two services request one another in their constructors!)

For now, here are the service built into BenMakesGames.PlayPlayMini:

Built-in Services

GameStateManager

The GameStateManager is needed to change the game's state, for example to transition from your title menu to your load screen, etc.

Most of your game states will probably include the GameStateManager as one of their dependencies.

GraphicsManager

The GraphicsManager has methods for drawing graphics and fonts.

Most of your game states will probably include the GraphicsManager as one of their dependencies.

SoundManager

The SoundManager has methods for playing sounds and looping music.

It uses MonoGame's built-in sound library, which has some limitations, and even some audible bugs on some platforms (such as poor looping of music tracks on Windows).

If/when you get your game to a good state, and you really want to upgrade your game's sound and music, I recommend finding a C# FMOD library, like https://github.com/Martenfur/ChaiFoxes.FMODAudio. You'll have to hook it manually; I recommend creating your own sound manager service to wrap it up!

I'm working on an "official" FMOD package for PlayPlayMini, but don't currently have an ETA. If you beat me to the punch, let others (and me) know!

KeyboardManager

You can use still MonoGame's Keyboard class directly; the KeyboardManager provides some additional features, like checking whether or not a particular key was JUST pressed (without having to write checks for that yourself).

Whether or not you use this class really depends on the kind of game you're making, and whether or not you want to/need to write your own keyboard controls.

MouseManager

You can use still MonoGame's Mouse class directly; the MouseManager provides some additional features, including a method for drawing a custom cursor, and disabling the mouse when there's keyboard activity.

Whether or not you use this class really depends on the kind of game you're making, and whether or not you want to/need to write your own mouse controls.

If you're using the BenMakesGames.PlayPlayMini.UI extension package, the MouseManager becomes a requirement.

FrameCounter

The FrameCounter counts FPS, and some other stats. Use it if you want to add an FPS indicator on the screen.

Creating Your Own Service

Once you've created your class, there are two ways you can register it with Autofac + PlayPlayMini:

Registering a Service Automatically, Using the AutoRegister Attribute

PlayPlayMini provides an attribute called AutoRegister which you can attach to a class to register that class with Autofac. When the game starts up, it searches for all classes using this attribute, and registers them for you! This attribute doesn't provide all of the options available when registering manually, but should suffice for the vast majority of use-cases.

A simple example, registering a singleton service without any interface (the most common case for most PlayPlayMini applications):

[AutoRegister]
sealed class MyService
{
	...
}

If needed, you can also register services with a per-dependency lifetime, and/or an interface:

[AutoRegister(Lifetime.PerDependency, InstanceOf = typeof(IMyService))]
sealed class MyService: IMyService
{
    ...
}

Possible lifetimes are:

• Lifetime.Singleton (default)
  • When a service uses this lifetime, then only one instance of the service class will ever be created. Any and all services requesting a singleton service will receive the same instance.
  • This is probably the behavior you want for most of your services.
• Lifetime.PerDependency
  • When a service uses this lifetime, then a new instance of the service class is created each time the service is requested.
  • This is useful for services which contain internal state that you want reset with every use. For example, game states are registered this way: every time you ask for a game state, you get a new copy of that game state.
  • Only use this lifetime if you're sure you need it; otherwise, use Lifetime.Singleton.
  • Remember that a singleton service cannot depend on a per-dependency service.

Registering a Service Manually, in Program.cs

One of the methods you can call on the GameStateManagerBuilder is AddServices. If there isn't already a call to it, add one; it would look something like this:

    .AddServices((s, c) => {
        s.RegisterType<MyService>();
        s.RegisterType<SomeOtherService>();
    })

If RegisterType doesn't seem to be available, add using AutoFac; to the top of the file. (Your IDE should be nice and suggest this for you.)

For more info on how to register services, check the Autofac documentation: https://autofac.org

Dealing with Circular Dependencies

A circular dependency is when two services refer to one another in their constructors. Ex:

[AutoRegister]
sealed class ServiceA
{
    public ServiceA(ServiceB b)
    {
        ...
    }
}

[AutoRegister]
sealed class ServiceB
{
    public ServiceB(ServiceA a)
    {
        ...
    }
}

If you write code like this, Autofac will complain (and crash) when it tries to instantiate a service that requests either ServiceA or ServiceB.

This can be resolved in two ways:

1. Create a new service, ServiceC, that services A and B depend on, instead of depending on one another. Move the method or methods needed into ServiceC, and update your code accordingly.
2. Register either ServiceA or ServiceB as a lazy service. There are a few ways to do this; one is to use this NuGet package: https://github.com/servicetitan/lazy-proxy-autofac
   • When registering services as lazy services, you'll have to manually register them; you can't use [AutoRegister] for quick registration.

Advanced Services Configuration: Service Lifetime Events

There are several interfaces which services can implement, each allowing the service to hook into different processes within PlayPlayMini. A service may implement any combination of these interfaces, or none at all. They are:

• IServiceDraw
  • The service class must implement a Draw method, which will be called after the current state's Draw methods have been called.
  • An example service which implements this interface is the built-in FrameCounter service, which displays the FPS on-screen.
• IServiceInitialize
  • The service class must implement an Initialize method, which will be called at the beginning of the MonoGame Initialize state, before MonoGame's LoadContent method is called.
• IServiceInput
  • The service class must implement an Input method, which will be called before the current state's Input event.
  • Example services which implements this interface are the built-in KeyboardManager and MouseManager.
• IServiceLoadContent
  • The service class must implement a LoadContent method, and FullyLoaded getter. The LoadContent method is called in MonoGame's LoadContent method. It's up to the service class's author to implement FullyLoaded accurately (probably as public bool FullyLoaded { get; private set; }, setting it to true when LoadContent has completed).
• IServiceUpdate
  • The service class must implement an Update method, which will be called before the current state's Update method.

More Game State Stuff

Multiple States at Once

Here's how you can draw two states at once, for example, to show a pause screen on top of another game state:

public sealed class PauseScreen: GameState
{
	public GameState PreviousState { get; }
    
    ...
    
    public PauseScreen(..., GameState previousState)
    {
    	...
    	
    	PreviousState = previousState;
    }
    
    public override void Draw(GameTime gameTime)
    {
    	PreviousState.Draw(gameTime);
    	
    	// rest of drawing logic here, for example:
    	Graphics.DrawFilledRectangle(0, 0, GraphicsManager.Width, GraphicsManager.Height, new Color(0, 0, 0, 0.8));
    	
    	Graphics.DrawPicture("Paused", 100, 200);
    }
    
    public override void Update(GameTime gameTime)
    {
    	PreviousState.Update(gameTime);
    	
    	// pause screen's own update logic goes here, if any
    }
    
	public override void Input(GameTime gameTime)
    {
        // press Escape to un-pause
    	if(Keyboard.PressedKey(Keys.Escape))
        {
            // we have a reference to a GameState, so we can invoke ChangeState this way:
        	GSM.ChangeState(PreviousState);
        }
    }
    
    ...
}

The pause screen would then be opened like this:

public sealed class CombatEncounter: GameState
{
	...
	
	public override void Input(GameTime gameTime)
    {
    	...
    	
    	if(KeyboardManager.PressedKey(Keys.Escape))
        {
        	GSM.ChangeState<PauseScreen, GameState>(this);
        }
    }
    
    ...
}

By the way, this ChangeState method can be used to pass more complex parameters to a game state, too. For example, assuming you have some PauseScreenConfig class, you might write:

GSM.ChangeState<PauseScreen, PauseScreenConfig>(new PauseScreenConfig() {
	PreviousState = this,
	BackgroundOpacity = 0.5f,
	PausePicture = "Pause",
});

The PauseScreen game state can then ask for the PauseScreenConfig in its constructor.

Reference

Game State Lifecycle

A game state's lifecycle event methods are called, in this order.

1. Enter
   • Called when the game state is entered into.
   • Do any first-time setup needed for the game state, ex: initializing a star field array.
2. Input
   • Called once per frame.
   • Handle user input here. For example, check if player is pressing up, and set a property on the player indicating that they'd like to move up.
3. FixedUpdate
   • Called ~60 times per second, regardless of the game's frame-rate.
   • This is a good place to handle physics updates, if your game has any.
   • If you've configured your application to UseFixedTimeStep, there's no difference between using FixedUpdate and Update.
4. Update
   • Called once per frame.
   • This is where many games will run most of their game logic, such as moving the player, updating particle effects, etc.
   • Use the passed-in gameTime to ensure that you update things at a consistent rate, regardless of the current frame rate.
5. Draw
   • Called once per frame.
   • Do main drawing logic here: backgrounds, player, enemies, particles, etc.
6. Leave
   • Called if a new game state is replacing the current game state.
   • Immediately after Leave is called, the current game state is changed to be the next game state.
   • I haven't yet found a use for this method; it's included for completeness/just-in-case.