Thinktecture.Runtime.Extensions 8.0.2

This library provides some interfaces, classes, Roslyn Source Generators, Roslyn Analyzers and Roslyn CodeFixes for implementation of Smart Enums, Value Objects and Discriminated Unions.

• Requirements
• Migrations
• Smart Enum
• Value Objects
• Discriminated Unions (requires version 8.x.x)
  • Ad hoc unions
  • Regular unions

Documentation

See wiki for more documentation.

Ideas and real-world use cases

Smart Enums:

• CSV-Importer-Type

Value objects:

• Open-ended End Date
• (Always-positive) Amount

Requirements

• Version 8:
  • C# 11 (or higher) for generated code
  • SDK 8.0.400 (or higher) for building projects
• Version 7:
  • C# 11 (or higher) for generated code
  • SDK 7.0.401 (or higher) for building projects

Migrations

• Migration from v7 to v8
• Migration from v6 to v7

Smart Enums

Install: Install-Package Thinktecture.Runtime.Extensions

Documentation: Smart Enums

Features:

• Roslyn Analyzers and CodeFixes help the developers to implement the Smart Enums correctly
• Allows iteration over all items
• Allows custom properties and methods
• Switch-case/Map
• Provides appropriate constructor, based on the specified properties/fields
• Provides means for lookup, cast and type conversion from key-type to Smart Enum and vice versa
• Provides proper implementation of Equals, GetHashCode, ToString and equality comparison via == and !=
• Provides implementation of IComparable, IComparable<T>, IFormattable, IParsable<T> and comparison operators <, <=, >, >= (if applicable to the underlying type)
• Choice between always-valid and maybe-valid Smart Enum
• Smart Enum can also be keyless, i.e. without a key member
• Makes use of abstract static members
• Derived types can be generic
• Allows custom validation of constructor arguments
• Allows changing the key member name, kind and access modifier, which holds the underlying value - thanks to Roslyn Source Generator
• Allows custom key equality comparer and custom comparer
• JSON support (System.Text.Json and Newtonsoft.Json)
• Support for Minimal Api Parameter Binding and ASP.NET Core Model Binding
• Entity Framework Core support (ValueConverter)
• MessagePack support (IMessagePackFormatter)
• Logging for debugging or getting insights

Definition of a 2 Smart Enums without any custom properties and methods. All other features mentioned above are generated by the Roslyn Source Generators in the background.

// Smart Enum with a string as the underlying type
[SmartEnum<string>]
public sealed partial class ProductType
{
   public static readonly ProductType Groceries = new("Groceries");
   public static readonly ProductType Housewares = new("Housewares");
}

// Smart Enum with an int as the underlying type
[SmartEnum<int>]
public sealed partial class ProductGroup
{
   public static readonly ProductGroup Apple = new(1);
   public static readonly ProductGroup Orange = new(2);
}

// Smart Enum without identifier (keyless)
[SmartEnum]
public sealed partial class SalesCsvImporterType
{
   public static readonly SalesCsvImporterType Daily = new(articleIdIndex: 0, volumeIndex: 2);
   public static readonly SalesCsvImporterType Monthly = new(articleIdIndex: 2, volumeIndex: 0);

   public int ArticleIdIndex { get; }
   public int VolumeIndex { get; }
}

Behind the scenes a Roslyn Source Generator generates additional code. Some of the features that are now available are ...

// A private constructor which takes the key "Groceries" and additional members (if we had any)
[SmartEnum<string>]
public sealed partial class ProductType
{
   public static readonly ProductType Groceries = new("Groceries");
   ...

------------

// A property for iteration over all items
IReadOnlyList<ProductType> allTypes = ProductType.Items;

------------

// Getting the item with specific name, i.e. its key.
// Throws UnknownEnumIdentifierException if the provided key doesn't belong to any item
ProductType productType = ProductType.Get("Groceries");

// Alternatively, using an explicit cast (behaves the same as "Get")
ProductType productType = (ProductType)"Groceries";

------------

// the same as above but returns a bool instead of throwing an exception (dictionary-style)
bool found = ProductType.TryGet("Groceries", out ProductType? productType);

------------

// similar to TryGet but accepts `IFormatProvider` and returns a ValidationError instead of a boolean.
ValidationError? validationError = ProductType.Validate("Groceries", null, out ProductType? productType);

if (validationError is null)
{
    logger.Information("Product type {Type} found with Validate", productType);
}
else
{
    logger.Warning("Failed to fetch the product type with Validate. Validation error: {validationError}", validationError.ToString());
}

------------

// implicit conversion to the type of the key
string key = ProductType.Groceries; // "Groceries"

------------

// Equality comparison
bool equal = ProductType.Groceries.Equals(ProductType.Groceries);

------------

// Equality comparison with '==' and '!='
bool equal = ProductType.Groceries == ProductType.Groceries;
bool notEqual = ProductType.Groceries != ProductType.Groceries;

------------

// Hash code
int hashCode = ProductType.Groceries.GetHashCode();

------------

// 'ToString' implementation
string key = ProductType.Groceries.ToString(); // "Groceries"

------------

ILogger logger = ...;

// Switch-case (with "Action")
productType.Switch(groceries: () => logger.Information("Switch with Action: Groceries"),
                   housewares: () => logger.Information("Switch with Action: Housewares"));
                   
// Switch-case with parameter (Action<TParam>) to prevent closures
productType.Switch(logger,
                   groceries: static l => l.Information("Switch with Action: Groceries"),
                   housewares: static l => l.Information("Switch with Action: Housewares"));

// Switch case returning a value (Func<TResult>)
var returnValue = productType.Switch(groceries: static () => "Switch with Func<T>: Groceries",
                                     housewares: static () => "Switch with Func<T>: Housewares");

// Switch case with parameter returning a value (Func<TParam, TResult>) to prevent closures
var returnValue = productType.Switch(logger,
                                     groceries: static l => "Switch with Func<T>: Groceries",
                                     housewares: static l => "Switch with Func<T>: Housewares");

// Map an item to another instance
returnValue = productType.Map(groceries: "Map: Groceries",
                              housewares: "Map: Housewares");
------------

// Implements IParsable<T> which is especially helpful with minimal apis.
bool parsed = ProductType.TryParse("Groceries", null, out ProductType? parsedProductType);

------------

// Implements IFormattable if the underlyng type (like int) is an IFormattable itself.
var formatted = ProductGroup.Fruits.ToString("000", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture); // 001

------------

// Implements IComparable and IComparable<T> if the key member type (like int) is an IComparable itself.
var comparison = ProductGroup.Fruits.CompareTo(ProductGroup.Vegetables); // -1

// Implements comparison operators (<,<=,>,>=) if the underlyng type (like int) has comparison operators itself.
var isBigger = ProductGroup.Fruits > ProductGroup.Vegetables;       

Definition of a new Smart Enum with 1 custom property RequiresFoodVendorLicense and 1 method Do with different behaviors for different enum items.

[SmartEnum<string>]
public partial class ProductType
{
   public static readonly ProductType Groceries = new("Groceries",  requiresFoodVendorLicense: true);
   public static readonly ProductType Housewares = new HousewaresProductType();

   public bool RequiresFoodVendorLicense { get; }

   public virtual void Do()
   {
      // do default stuff
   }

   private sealed class HousewaresProductType : ProductType
   {
      public HousewaresProductType()
         : base("Housewares", requiresFoodVendorLicense: false)
      {
      }

      public override void Do()
      {
         // do special stuff
      }
   }
}

Value Objects

Install: Install-Package Thinktecture.Runtime.Extensions

Documentation: Value Objects

Features:

• Roslyn Analyzers and CodeFixes help the developers to implement the Value Objects correctly
• Choice between Simple Value Objects and Complex Value Objects
• Allows custom fields, properties and methods
• Provides appropriate factory methods for creation of new value objects based on the specified properties/fields
• Factory methods can be renamed
• Allows custom validation of constructor and factory method arguments
• Allows custom type to pass validation error(s)
• [Simple Value Objects only] Allows cast and type conversion from key-member type to Value Object and vice versa
• [Simple Value Objects only] Provides an implementation of IFormattable if the key member is an IFormattable
• Provides proper implementation of Equals, GetHashCode, ToString and equality comparison via == and !=
• Provides implementation of IComparable, IComparable<T>, IFormattable, IParsable<T> and comparison operators <, <=, >, >=
• Allows custom equality comparison and custom comparer
• Configurable handling of null and empty strings
• JSON support (System.Text.Json and Newtonsoft.Json)
• Support for Minimal Api Parameter Binding and ASP.NET Core Model Binding
• Entity Framework Core support (ValueConverter)
• MessagePack support (IMessagePackFormatter)
• Logging for debugging or getting insights

Simple Value Object

A simple value object has 1 field/property only, i.e., it is kind of wrapper for another (primitive) type. The main use case is to prevent creation of values/instances which are considered invalid according to some rules. In DDD (domain-driven design), working with primitive types, like string, directly is called primitive obsession and should be avoided.

Most simple value objects with a key member of type string and another one (which is a struct) with an int.

[ValueObject<string>]
public sealed partial class ProductName
{
}

[ValueObject<int>]
public readonly partial struct Amount
{
}

After the implementation of a value object, a Roslyn source generator kicks in and implements the rest. Following API is available from now on.

// Factory method for creation of new instances.
// Throws ValidationException if the validation fails (if we had any)
ProductName apple = ProductName.Create("Apple");

// Alternatively, using an explicit cast, which behaves the same way as calling "ProductName.Create"
ProductName apple = (ProductName)"Apple";

-----------

// The same as above but returns a bool instead of throwing an exception (dictionary-style)
bool created = ProductName.TryCreate("Chocolate", out ProductName? chocolate);

-----------

// Similar to TryCreate but returns a ValidationError instead of a boolean.
ValidationError? validationError = ProductName.Validate("Chocolate", null, out var chocolate);

if (validationError is null)
{
    logger.Information("Product name {Name} created", chocolate);
}
else
{
    logger.Warning("Failed to create product name. Validation result: {validationError}", validationError.ToString());
}

-----------

// Implicit conversion to the type of the key member
string valueOfTheProductName = apple; // "Apple"

-----------

// Equality comparison compares the key member using default comparer by default.
// Key members of type `string` are compared with 'StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase' by default.
bool equal = apple.Equals(apple);

-----------

// Equality comparison operators: '==' and '!='
bool equal = apple == apple;
bool notEqual = apple != apple;

-----------

// Hash code: combined hash code of type and key member. 
// Strings are using 'StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase' by default.
int hashCode = apple.GetHashCode();

-----------

// 'ToString' implementation return the string representation of the key member
string value = apple.ToString(); // "Apple"

------------

// Implements IParsable<T> which is especially helpful with minimal apis.
bool success = ProductName.TryParse("New product name", null, out var productName);

ProductName productName = ProductName.Parse("New product name", null);

------------

// Implements "IFormattable" if the key member is an "IFormattable".
Amount amount = Amount.Create(42);
string formattedValue = amount.ToString("000", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture); // "042"

------------

// Implements "IComparable<ProductName>" if the key member is an "IComparable",
// or if custom comparer is provided.
Amount amount = Amount.Create(1);
Amount otherAmount = Amount.Create(2);

int comparison = amount.CompareTo(otherAmount); // -1

------------

// Implements comparison operators (<,<=,>,>=) if the key member has comparison operators itself.
bool isBigger = amount > otherAmount;

// Implements comparison operators to compare the value object with an instance of key-member-type,
// if "ComparisonOperators" is set "OperatorsGeneration.DefaultWithKeyTypeOverloads"
bool isBigger = amount > 2;

------------

// Implements addition / subtraction / multiplication / division if the key member supports corresponding operators
Amount sum = amount + otherAmount;

// Implements operators that accept an instance of key-member-type,
// if the "OperatorsGeneration" is set "DefaultWithKeyTypeOverloads"
Amount sum = amount + 2;

------------

// Provides a static default value "Empty" (similar to "Guid.Empty"), if the value object is a struct
Amount defaultValue = Amount.Empty; // same as "Amount defaultValue = default;"

Complex Value Objects

A complex value object is an immutable class or a readonly struct with a ComplexValueObjectAttribute. Complex value object usually has multiple readonly fields/properties.

A simple example would be a Boundary with 2 properties. One property is the lower boundary and the other is the upper boundary. Yet again, we skip the validation at the moment.

[ComplexValueObject]
public sealed partial class Boundary
{
   public decimal Lower { get; }
   public decimal Upper { get; }
}

The rest is implemented by a Roslyn source generator, providing the following API:

// Factory method for creation of new instances.
// Throws ValidationException if the validation fails (if we had any)
Boundary boundary = Boundary.Create(lower: 1, upper: 2);

-----------

// the same as above but returns a bool instead of throwing an exception (dictionary-style)
bool created = Boundary.TryCreate(lower: 1, upper: 2, out Boundary? boundary);

-----------

// similar to TryCreate but returns a ValidationError instead of a boolean.
ValidationError? validationError = Boundary.Validate(lower: 1, upper: 2, out Boundary? boundary);

if (validationError is null)
{
    logger.Information("Boundary {Boundary} created", boundary);
}
else
{
    logger.Warning("Failed to create boundary. Validation result: {validationError}", validationError.ToString());
}

-----------

// Equality comparison compares the members using default or custom comparers.
// Strings are compared with 'StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase' by default.
bool equal = boundary.Equals(boundary);

-----------

// Equality comparison with '==' and '!='
bool equal = boundary == boundary;
bool notEqual = boundary != boundary;

-----------

// Hash code of the members according default or custom comparers
int hashCode = boundary.GetHashCode();

-----------

// 'ToString' implementation
string value = boundary.ToString(); // "{ Lower = 1, Upper = 2 }"

Discriminated Unions

Install: Install-Package Thinktecture.Runtime.Extensions (requires version 8.x.x)

Documentation: Discriminated Unions

There are 2 types of unions: ad hoc union and "regular" unions

Ad hoc unions

Features:

• Roslyn Analyzers and CodeFixes help the developers to implement the unions correctly
• Provides proper implementation of Equals, GetHashCode, ToString and equality comparison via == and !=
• Switch-Case/Map
• Renaming of properties
• Definition of nullable reference types

Definition of a basic union with 2 types using a class, a struct or ref struct:

// class
[Union<string, int>]
public partial class TextOrNumber;

// struct
[Union<string, int>]
public partial struct TextOrNumber;

// ref struct
[Union<string, int>]
public ref partial struct TextOrNumber;

// Up to 5 types
[Union<string, int, bool, Guid, char>]
public partial class MyUnion;

Behind the scenes a Roslyn Source Generator generates additional code. Some of the features that are now available are ...

// Implicit conversion from one of the defined generics.
TextOrNumber textOrNumberFromString = "text";
TextOrNumber textOrNumberFromInt = 42;

// Check the type of the value.
// By default, the properties are named using the name of the type (`String`, `Int32`)
bool isText = textOrNumberFromString.IsString;
bool isNumber = textOrNumberFromString.IsInt32;

// Getting the typed value.
// Throws "InvalidOperationException" if the current value doesn't match the calling property.
// By default, the properties are named using the name of the type (`String`, `Int32`)
string text = textOrNumberFromString.AsString;
int number = textOrNumberFromInt.AsInt32;

// Alternative approach is to use explicit cast.
// Behavior is identical to methods "As..."
string text = (string)textOrNumberFromString;
int number = (int)textOrNumberFromInt;

// Getting the value as object, i.e. untyped.
object value = textOrNumberFromString.Value;

// Implementation of Equals, GetHashCode and ToString
// PLEASE NOTE: Strings are compared using "StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase" by default! (configurable)
bool equals = textOrNumberFromInt.Equals(textOrNumberFromString);
int hashCode = textOrNumberFromInt.GetHashCode();
string toString = textOrNumberFromInt.ToString();

// Equality comparison operators
bool equal = textOrNumberFromInt == textOrNumberFromString;
bool notEqual = textOrNumberFromInt != textOrNumberFromString;

There are multiple overloads of switch-cases: with Action, Func<T> and concrete values. To prevent closures, you can pass a value to method Switch, which is going to be passed to provided callback (Action/Func<T>).

By default, the names of the method arguments are named after the type specified by UnionAttribute<T1, T2>. Reserved C# keywords (like string) must string with @ (like @string, @default, etc.).

// With "Action"
textOrNumberFromString.Switch(@string: s => logger.Information("[Switch] String Action: {Text}", s),
                              int32: i => logger.Information("[Switch] Int Action: {Number}", i));

// With "Action". Logger is passed as additional parameter to prevent closures.
textOrNumberFromString.Switch(logger,
                              @string: static (l, s) => l.Information("[Switch] String Action with logger: {Text}", s),
                              int32: static (l, i) => l.Information("[Switch] Int Action with logger: {Number}", i));

// With "Func<T>"
var switchResponse = textOrNumberFromInt.Switch(@string: static s => $"[Switch] String Func: {s}",
                                                int32: static i => $"[Switch] Int Func: {i}");

// With "Func<T>" and additional argument to prevent closures.
var switchResponseWithContext = textOrNumberFromInt.Switch(123.45,
                                                           @string: static (value, s) => $"[Switch] String Func with value: {ctx} | {s}",
                                                           int32: static (value, i) => $"[Switch] Int Func with value: {ctx} | {i}");

// Use `Map` instead of `Switch` to return concrete values directly.
var mapResponse = textOrNumberFromString.Map(@string: "[Map] Mapped string",
                                             int32: "[Map] Mapped int");

Use T1Name/T2Name of the UnionAttribute to get more meaningful names.

[Union<string, int>(T1Name = "Text",
                    T2Name = "Number")]
public partial class TextOrNumber;

The properties and method arguments are renamed accordingly:

bool isText = textOrNumberFromString.IsText;
bool isNumber = textOrNumberFromString.IsNumber;

string text = textOrNumberFromString.AsText;
int number = textOrNumberFromInt.AsNumber;

textOrNumberFromString.Switch(text: s => logger.Information("[Switch] String Action: {Text}", s),
                              number: i => logger.Information("[Switch] Int Action: {Number}", i));

Regular unions

Features:

• Roslyn Analyzers and CodeFixes help the developers to implement the unions correctly
• Can be a class or record
• Switch-Case/Map
• Supports generics
• Derived types can be simple classes or something complex like a value object.

Simple union using a class and a value object:

[Union]
public partial class Animal
{
   [ValueObject<string>]
   public partial class Dog : Animal;

   public sealed class Cat : Animal;
}

Similar example as above but with records:

[Union]
public partial record AnimalRecord
{
   public sealed record Dog(string Name) : AnimalRecord;

   public sealed record Cat(string Name) : AnimalRecord;
}

A union type (i.e. the base class) with a property:

[Union]
public partial class Animal
{
   public string Name { get; }

   private Animal(string name)
   {
      Name = name;
   }

   public sealed class Dog(string Name) : Animal(Name);

   public sealed class Cat(string Name) : Animal(Name);
}

A record with a generic:

[Union]
public partial record Result<T>
{
   public record Success(T Value) : Result<T>;

   public record Failure(string Error) : Result<T>;

   public static implicit operator Result<T>(T value) => new Success(value);
   public static implicit operator Result<T>(string error) => new Failure(error);
}

One of the main purposes for a regular union is their exhaustiveness, i.e. all member types are accounted for in a switch/map:

Animal animal = new Animal.Dog("Milo");

animal.Switch(dog: d => logger.Information("Dog: {Dog}", d),  
              cat: c => logger.Information("Cat: {Cat}", c));

var result = animal.Map(dog: "Dog",
                        cat: "Cat");

Use flags SwitchMethods and MapMethods for generation of SwitchPartially/MapPartially:

[Union(SwitchMethods = SwitchMapMethodsGeneration.DefaultWithPartialOverloads,
       MapMethods = SwitchMapMethodsGeneration.DefaultWithPartialOverloads)]
public partial record AnimalRecord
{
   public sealed record Dog(string Name) : AnimalRecord;

   public sealed record Cat(string Name) : AnimalRecord;
}

---------------------------
    
Animal animal = new Animal.Dog("Milo");

animal.SwitchPartially(@default: a => logger.Information("Default: {Animal}", a),
                       cat: c => logger.Information("Cat: {Cat}", c.Name));